ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ : ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵥⵉⵕⵏ
Lahcen OmariEnseignant chercheur
Enseignant de la langue amazighe au primaire
Ministère de l’Education Nationale du Préscolaire et des Sports MAROC
ⴰⵙⴳⵣⵍ
ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ: «ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ – ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵥⵉⵕⵏ » ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⴼⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ, ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ, ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵉⴳⴳ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵅⵓⵎⴱⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ.
ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵥⵉⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ, ⵙ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵓⵏⴽⵛⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.
Mots-clés : ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ – ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵥⵉⵕⵏ – ⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏ – ⵜⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.
This article “sociolinguistics – theoretical elements” translated into the Amazigh language aims to shed light on the notion of “sociolinguistics”. This as a recent discipline of language sciences and also a branch of linguistics which studies the complex relationships between language and society.
Our objective is to briefly present some notions about sociolinguistics, trying to identify its overlaps with other disciplines.
Keywords: Sociolinguistics – theoretical elements – relationship – other disciplines.
- ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⵔⵎⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ
ⵏⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵉⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ, ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ / ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ. ⵏⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴼⴽ ⵙ ⵓⵣⴳⵣⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ.
1.1. ⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ
ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵍⵙⵉⵏⵜ ⵢⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵔⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ.
ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⵔⵙⵍ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ ⴰⵎ/ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰⵡⵉ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵢⵉ (1866-1936) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴹⵉⵚⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⴷⵓⵔⴽⴰⵢⵎ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵏⵉ : «Comment les mots changent de sens » : « ⵎⵉⵎⴽ ⵜⵜⵙⴼⵙⴰⵏ / ⵙⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ».
ⵉⵙⴳⵉⵔ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵢⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵓⴼⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵣⵉⵣⵣⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ.
ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⴰⵔⵣⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴷⵉⵍ ⵀⴰⵢⵎⵥ ⴷ ⵊⵓⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⴱⵉⵔⵣ ⴳ (1960) ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ. ⵖⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⵥⵉⵍ ⴱⵉⵔⵏⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ (1971) ⵉⴳⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⴰⵕⵍ ⴼⵉⵕⴳⵉⵚⵓⵏ (1959) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴽⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⴰⵍⵜⵓ, ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵡⵉⵙ ⵊⵓⵏ ⴽⴰⵍⴱⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴽⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵉⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ, ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵍⴰⴱⵓⴱ (1960) ⴳ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵢⵉⵏ (USA). ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⵎⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ / ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵙⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵢ, ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵔⵜⵓⵜ, … ⵙⴳ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ (1960), ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵓⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ, ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴳⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵍⵙⵉⵏⵜ.
1.2- ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵊⴳⵓⴳⵍ ⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ
ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵎ : «ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ», ⵉⵎⵛⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵙⵓⵙⵉⵔ (1916 : 317), ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵄⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵏⵙⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⴰⵀⵉ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ.
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⵥⴰ ⴰⵎⴼⵏⵥ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⵎⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵛⴰ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵀⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ.
ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⵉⵕⵓⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵥⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ; ⴰⵍⵜⵓ, ⵉⵅⵚⵚ ⵓⵎⴱⵔⵉⵏⵏⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⵛⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ, ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⵙⵓⵏ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ.
ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵜⵎ ⴽⴰⵕⵍ ⴱⴰⵢⵍⵓⵏ (1991:9) ⵉⵙ : «ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵥⵕⵕⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⴳⵜ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴽⵕⵓⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ».
- ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ:
ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍⵏ. ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⵏⵏⵢ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴰⵍ , ⴳⵉⵢⵙⵏⵜ:
ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⴷⵉⴽⵕⵓ ⵜⵓⴹⵓⵕⵓⴼ (1972) ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⵙ: «ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴳⵏ ⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵍⵍⵡⵉⵏ/ ⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴼⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⵏ».
ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⴷⵉⴱⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵜⵙⵏ (1994:435-436) ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙⵏⵎⵍⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵙ:
«ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵡⵓⵚⵏⵉⵄ ⴰⵎⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵚⵏⵉⵄ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ (ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ, ⴰⴽⵍⴰⵍ, ⴰⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ, …) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ. […] ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵓⴳⵔⵉⵡ, ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⴰⴱⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵏ ».
ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵜⵔ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵍⴰⴱⵓⴱ (1972) ⵙⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ :
« ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵙⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ , ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵏⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵥⵉⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵊⴷⴰⵇⴰⵔⵜ».
ⵉⴷⴼⵛ ⵕ. ⵡⴰⵕⴹⵓⵖ (2006 : 13) ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙ :
«ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⵎⵙ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹ, ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵕⵉⴹⵕ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵎⵛ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ».
ⴰⵍⵜⵓ, ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵙ ⴱⵉⵔⵏⵢⵉ (1980 ; 294) ⵉⵙⴷⴷⵉⴷ ⵉⵙ:
«ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵔ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ; ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⴰⴷ. ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ, (ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ/ⴰⵡⴰⵍ) ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵕⴰⵄⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ».
ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵙ ⴱⵉⵔⵏⵢⵉ : ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵓⴽⵎⴰⵎ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵎⵎⵓⵣⵣⵉⵍ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ; ⴷ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ…
1.2.1- ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ
- ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍ, ⵏⵣⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵎ:
- ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ;
- ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⵊⴰⵊ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ , ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ;
- ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵏⵏⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵉ ⵡⵎⵢⴰⵖ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ (ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵡ) ⴷ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵉⵇⵇⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵢ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ…;
- ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵉ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⴰⴳⵜ ⵉⵍⵙ, ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ, ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ : ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴱⵔⵉⵏⵢⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵢⵓⵙⵢ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴱⵔⵉⵏⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵎⴰⴷⵏ:
- ⵉⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ : ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
- ⵉⵎⵏⵜⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵙⵓⵍⵏ : ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ, ⴷⵉⵎⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⴽ…
1.2.2- ⵉⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ :
ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵟⵟⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ, ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵜⵎⵙⴰⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵏⵓⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ… ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴳⵔⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.
ⵙⴳ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵥⵉ, ⴷⵉⵍⵍ ⵀⴰⵢⵎⵣ (1974) ⴷⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⴷⵉⴷⴰⴽⵜⵉⴽⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵡⵉⵜ, ⴰⵃⵓⴹⵉⴳ, ⴷ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ…
ⵉⵎⵔⴰ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⵏⵉⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵊⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ, ⴰⵎ ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ « ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ» ⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵕ. ⵕⵓⴱⵉⵏ (1971 : 45-47).
ⵊ. ⴰ ⴼⵉⵛⵎⴰⵏ (1971), ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵉⴳⴳⵉⵍⵏⵜ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓⵏⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴰⵢ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ? ⵎⵉⵍⵎⵉ? ⵉ ⵎⵉ? ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉ?. ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵎⵉ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ.
ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⴷⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ. ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵉⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ :
ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ; ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ (ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ).
- ⵉⵜⵏⵓⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ : ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ/ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴼ ⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⴷⴰⴽⵜⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ (1976 : 196-197) : « ⵉⵜⵏⵓⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ; ⴷ ⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ, ⵎⴰⵎⵛ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⵏⴰⵏⵏ (ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵉⵣⵉⴽⵏ » .
- ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ : ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ (ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ, ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵏⵉⵄ).
- ⵜⴰⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ : ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ; ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵙⵍⴽ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⵊⴰⵕ (ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ).
- ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ : ⵢⵉⵡⵉⴷ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵊ.ⴱ ⴰⵕⵙⵉⵍⵙⵉ ⴷ ⴱ. ⴳⴰⵔⴷⴰⵏ (1977: 28) ⵏⵏⴰⵏ : «ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵎⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵚⵏⵉⵄ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵣⵣⵉⵙ».
ⴳⴳⵓⴷⴷⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ : ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵉⵜⵏ, ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ, ⵜⵉⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ.
ⴰⵎⵙⴳⵔⴰ:
ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ, ⴰⵙⴳⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ.
ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏ, ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵛⴽⵛⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵏⵙⵙⵉⵡⵍ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⴰ.