1. Tazwurt

ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⴹⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴹⵔⵉⴱ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵇⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵉⵏ, ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙⴳ 2003, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⴹⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⵓ ⵙ ⵓⴹⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ. ⵙⵡⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵣⴰⵢⵙ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳåⴰⵙⵏ ⴷⴷⴹ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ (2019-2020). ⴰⴹⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵉ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⴹⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ. ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳåⴰⵙ ⵏ 2021, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ ⵓⴹⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ. ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⴷⴰïïⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵉⵏ. ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ (ⵜⴰⵓⵔⴰⴱⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼëⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ), ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⵓ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓãⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⴹ (çëⴰⵜ, ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴱⵉⴷⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵎⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⴹⵜ (2021: 5).

Izmr ad nini yan uvawas ismd I wayyaä, d yan iga tarslt I wayyaä. arzzu xf usmzazal grasn rad av yaws awd ad d nssufv tiyafutin nni iran ad isvudu asslmd n usfti. Ku yan ar iswingim (islmadn, inlmadn, imrzutn d imarawn n inlmadn) xf usqsi n usslmd n tutlayt tamazivt slawan akÆ g tsga n usfti amyagan lli d yuwi uvawas amaynu. Ku yan ira ad yisin is illa usmad gr ivawasn, midd avawas amaynu isyafa s tyafutin ivudan xf uvawas azayku, midd s tmgla avawas azayku yuf amaynu.

nkÆni sg isqsitn ddv varnv tardawt n mas d avawas amaynu iska tirsal nns sg uvawas azayku g yigr n usslmd n usfti amyagan. s sin gan yat tyafut icnan I usslmd amnzu. Afad ad nsnkd tiyafutin timiditin, nra ad näfuË tabridt  tasmzazalt gr ivawasn sg uswir amzwaru ar aswir wis ãäiã. Nra ad nssfru mas d ku yan ivuda g yat tsga. Nra ad nssfru sg tizwuri tibridin n uslmd n usfti amyagan g ivawasn. Asfru ad iga tumayt n uzgn wis sin (2). G uzgn ddv, rad nssfru mas d tlla yat tyafut ifulkin g irzzutn n tsnilst d mamk s ittili usmatti adidakti n tyafut ad vr usslmd n usfti amyagan. G uzgn wis kËaä (3), nra ad nsiwl xf ma g aksuln d ma g mzarayn sin ivawasn. S tgira (azgn wis 4), nra ad nwc kra n isvlafn xf usvudu n usslmd n usfti ukan nsskr targalt.

2. Asfti amyagan g tutlayt tamazivt: sg tsnilst ar tadidaktit

G isgÅasn ddv imgÅura, ila usfti amyagan advar nns g irzzutn xf tutlayt tamazivt, swa g tmazirt n lmvrib ula g timizar yaänin n iÇÇlmä n afriqya. Tlla yat tyafut icnan g usfru I watig asnamk d I twila tasnilst n ku anaw n usfti. aya yucka d d ussidf n tutlayt tamazivt g tinmal n lmvrib d tmizar yaänin. Tayafut I tuwi d aswingm I mamk s ittili yan usmatti adidakti s ivawasn inmlann.

• arzzu asnils

Sg twuri n hanutu (1858, 1896)[1], rini bassi (1888, 1892a, 1892b, 1894, 1895)[2], ssussn asfti anmyag s kËaä watign, ssavn asn: urmir (l’aoriste), usmid anafrar (Le prétérit positif) d wusmid anabaw (le prétérit négatif). G tizwuri n irzzutn xf tutlayt tamazivt, ur da nn nttafa warusmid (l’inaccompli) alami t isussn andri bassi (1952: 14)[3]. Amara issusa d mas d iga sg usfti amyagan.

Irzzutn imzwura ittusskarn xf usfti amyagan g tutlayt tamazivt la ssisinn asfti ddv is iga akudan zun d tutlayt tafËansist d tutlayt tinglizit. Aya, yus d acku imrzutn nni ittggn arzzu ssfran t amm tutlayin nnsn. Lkmn imrzutn ar akkan assavn iggudin afad ad gn asussn I watign n usfti amyagan di tutlayt tamazivt. Alami issnta andri bassi (1929, 1952) d lyunil galun (1977: 275)[4] tizrawin nns xf tutlayt tamazivt, ufan nn mas d ur igi usfti amyagan akudan, da yakka atig imÇËi, ur d atig akudan. Ar yakka umyag s usnmala n usfti ad mas d tsmd tigawt/tavara nvdd ur tsmid. Irzzutn xf usfti amyagan illa as yan usbuvlu, ssntan imrzutn tizrawin xf twila n umyag di matta watig imÇËi: urmir, usmid (analaw), usmid anabaw, warusmid (analaw) d warusmid anabaw.

Amm tutlayin yaänin, nttafa di tmazivt immakn injËumn (les modes grammaticaux), mac ur vars llin xs 3 immakn: ammak n tidt (Le mode indicatif), ammak n wanaä (le mode impératif) d wammak n umavun (le mode participiale).

Sg twuri nnv (ayt iccu mupammad (2022)), nssfra mas d g wammak n tidt da nttafa dis: 1) urmir : illa gis wurmir s (ad). Amggaru a da yakkan atig n imal. Illa div wurmir n wallas lli nsmras g wallas n tmsarin. 2) usmid, anafrar niv anabaw, nni ittikkin atig n tigawt ismdn nvdd tavara ismdn, 3) warusmid, anafrar niv anabaw, nna itticin anamk n tigawt nna ur ismidn/ tavara lli ur ismidn. Anamk n umyag g warusmid ar isnkad tazdgi d tallest n tigawt nns.

di wammak n wanaä, illa dis 1) wurmir nni ittettrn ad ttuga[5] tigawt nvdd ad tili yat tvara. Illa gis awd 2) warusmid nns (ssavn as div anaä ussid). Wahat ar isnkad yat tigawt tasulant (action continue).

Ammak amggaru, iga amavun. vars yan watig iga t mas d izmr ad issnfl yat tigawt n yan umyag ard tg amm uswuri n ufris isnkadn amggay (le sujet). V umavun, izmr ad gis naf usmid d warusmid nns. 1) amavun g wusmid ar yakka anamk n yat tfrist n umyag ismdn (anlmad ilmdn). ima warusmid g umavun, amyag da isnkad tsulant g tfrist (inlmadn ittlmadn), ur ta tsmid.

Ttusskarn irzzutn awd xf tsnayt n umyag agnsu n twinst amm xf tsmmadt (Transitivité), xf ismiln injËumn (categories grammaticales) mi d ittmun umyag amm imqqimn. Llan imqqimn s wanawn nns. llan imqqimn uslivn s umyag d imqqimn isimann izdin d umggay n umyag (le sujet du verbe). G tsga n imqqimn usliv s amyag, ku ammak dars imqqimn uslivn uÇliyn nns^[6]. Di usfti amyagan div, llant tzlviwin ittsmadn I umyag afad ad ifk atig imÇËi zun d tin warusmid: da, lla, ar. Llan tmnaäin g lmvrib ur da ssmrasnt tizlviwin ddv. Tlla div tzlva n wurmir lli yakkan atig n imal : ad (ira ad izgr ill). Usmid anabaw nvdd warusmid anabaw ula urmir anabaw, ar ssntin s (war, ur, wr). Izmr ad naf idsnt tyafutin n irzzutn ittinign xf tzdayt gr tsnalva d tsnayt, acku asfti n yan umyag da isnkad anamk nns, atig anjËum nns d tmÇËi tamawalant nns (L’aspect lexical)^[7]. Wahli n irzzutn kan yat tyafut ifulin g tsga n tsnalva, g tsga n tsnilst ula azday gr tsnalva d tsnayt. Ittufka yan umur axatar awd I usussn d usfru n ka n imzarayn d tamunt illan jar tntalayin. Ar vila tlla yat tyafut imqqurn g irzzutn.

Sg ma ad ttusntant tvuriwin xf tutlayt tamazivt, ula asfti s uÇlay, illa usqsi n usmsasa n tutlayt nvdd asqsi n tumayt n tutlayt. Aylli g ttmziriynt tntalayin n tutlayt tamazivt rad d akÆ umunt g tutlayt tanamurt, zun d g usfti n umyag izwiv g wusmid, ar ttinin ayt iÇÇlmä n lmvrib (zwv), mac ayt iffus ar ttinin zgÅav. G tutlayt tanawayt, ula g usslmd nns, asfti s twila tamzwarut ula tamggarut gant timaddadin^[8].

• Asmatti adidakti n ilgamn isnilsn g usslmd amnzu :

Zi tyafutin iggudin, amm tilli nbdr g irzzutn isnilsn illan xf usfti amyagan ula akÆ tutlayt tamazivt, ittuyattar i ididaktikn ad gn yan usmatti (transposition) imidi lli d yusan I uswir n unlmad. S man aya, g urzzu iddv, nra ad nwc is tlla yat tbridt d yusan I unlmad. Ad numu afad ad nsvudu asmatty adidakti ddv.. Anlmad amvrabi ivy ad isawal tamazivt nvdd darija. izmr div ad dars yili uwtay n 6 ar 12 n isgÅasn g usslmd amnzu. Afad ad yili yan usmatti imidi. Nra ad niÇiË ivawasn inmlann ma ad illan: g uvawas azayku ula g uvawas amaynu. G sin ivawas, ididaktikn äfaËn tabridt tazzigzant ad:

• Illa yan ubÏÏu gr iswirn, di 3 iswirn imzwura da ittulmad usfti s tmiwant, s tilal n umsawaä. Asatal (nv amnaä) n ulmmud nns, ur ibäi d imyagn ikuyassn nni issn unlmad. G 3 Iswirn inafllatn (aswir wis 4, aswir wis 5, aswir wis 6 g usslmd amnzu), inlmadn ttlmadn asfti s ilugnn d s tmyavt^[9] (da ittufka usfti n yan umyag, uÆan ittuyattar I unlmad ad issfti amyag yaänin yavn g umyag lli ilmd. Ig ilmd asfti n umyag adf, ira ad yiviy ad ismrs asfti n umyag azn) ;
• Inlmadn n uswir amzwaru, wis sin d wis kËaä, ttlmadn asfti s wantal. Ar iswirn inafllatn, inlmadn da t ttlmadn s warantal. Rad Ssnn asfti d ilugnn nns lli rad tn yaws ad ssftin imyagn yaänin ;
• G 3 iswirn imzwura, inlmadn ittuyattr fllasn ad ssmrasn yan ulugn afad ad ssftin yan nv idsn imyagn idrusn. Mac, iswirn inafllatn, illa xafsn ad gn afars adday isinn alugn n yan usfti I imyagn yaänin, zun d ig ssnn alugn n usfti n wusmid n imyagn nni issntan s uvri a:
  ([a–à [u–), ivy ad issfti amyag adf s udf waxxa ur jjun as islla ;
• Asfti n umyag issnti s urmas n watig imÇËi n ku anaw n usfti. Da ittddu s yikiz n ilugnn lli nttäfuË afad ad nssfti yan umyag ar afars n usfti s tmyavt I imyagn ur djin ivri;
• sg uswir amzwaru ar wis ãäiã, da ttulmad tmsirt n usfti s usmrs n usatal n umsawaä d tvri;
• G uvawas n tmazivt, asfti amyagan iga yat talalt ittufkan g ku tagzzumt. Ar gis ittlmad unlmad maËËa aynna t ittawsn g usfti n imyagn inafrarn (verbes simples) ar imyagn inafuvn (verbes dérivés). Almmud nns da t ttawsnt tilal yaänin afad ad rmsn, ktin, isinn, ssftin imyagn;
• Talalt n usfti ur da takka vas ilugnn isnalvatnn n usfti dayy, mac ar tsslmad atig n umyag issftan g yan wanaw d uzday gr umyag d umggay d umnaä nnsn agnsu n twinst. Ar isslmad atig n imqqimn uslivn, amyag agnsu n twinst, tawila n ku anaw imÇËi n usfti, tizlviwin ittmunn akd wanaw, amzaray gr tntaliwin (anlmad da ittisin tinna yad issn d talviwin n tmnaäin yaänin);
• G usslmd akÆ amnzu, issnta ulmmud n usfti s ilgamn inafrarn, ilgamn ifssusn, nv asfti n imyagn s tsikslt sg uÇvË ar yan wanaw n usfti (le cas du syncrétisme entre une base verbale et un thème), nv imyagn mi var illa ulugn anafrar zun d warusmid s tassast n trgalt dayy (kcm à kccm), nv s ubÏÏu n imyagn s ilugnn g ku anaw n usfti;
• Ssntan imyagn s ikuyassn ar wiyyaä d sg imyagn mi sllan inlmadn g tilal n umsawaä nv tivri ar imyagn mi ur jjun sllan;
• G usslmd n usfti amyagan, islmadn ttäfuËn tabridt ad afad ad sslmdn inlmadn: da ssntayn ad srsn isursn d tstut n tmsirt bac ad isinn inlmadn ma rad vrn d zdin aya d uynna yad ssnn. Aslmad ad isnkd tuskiwt nv tawila n umyag g yan umnaä issfru asn mav alami illa ulugn ddv. Tafrkt tiss kËaät ad rmsn inlmadn tuskiwt ad, smrsn alugn n tuskiwt ddv I imyagn yaänin. G Tfrkt tiss kkuÇt, anlmad ad ig afars g isursn yaänin, g tuskiwin yaänin s ulugn lli ivra. Tafrkt tamggarut, ad ig unlmad azzray I tzgal nns ig annal g uylli ur ta irmis d ur ta issin afad ad iäku ilmmudn nns.

iÇäaË ad ilint wahli n tfrkiwin d wammak n usmatti adidakti d mamc n usslmd n usfti amyagan gr uvawas azayku d uvawas amaynu. Di ma ad isuln g tzrawt ddv ad ng asmzazal gr sin ivawasn, is illa umzaray bahra nvdd tasikslt afad ad d nssufv tiyafutin nni iran ad isvudu asslmd n usfti amyagan di tutlayt tamazivt.

3. Gr uvawas azayku d umaynu: asiksl d umzaray grasn

G uzgn ddv wis kËaä, nra ad nsnkd yan usmzazal gr ivawasn, nssufv d ma illa g umaynu d uzayku. g tizwuri, nra ad d nssufv asiksl grasn. G tsga tiss snat, nra ad nsiwl xf umzaray. Kud da nsmzazal da nsskar tvri nnv.

• Asiksl grasn

Waxxa illa uvawas amaynu, ur bahra imzaray d uvawas azyaku. S sin ccarn maËËa yat tbridt. Isslmad uslmad anlmad s uäfuË n tbridt issntan s tstut nni g ismsasa aswir n unlmad d ussnti n tmsirt n usfti. Adday irar unlmad taynit nns, ar as isnkad uslmad tuskiwt n usfti agnsu n yan umnaä lli yad issn unlmad. Anlmad illa xafs ad ig asmrs n tuskiwt ad afad ad irms tamsirt d ig afars s uynna issn, irms g isursn yaänin, niv ad iwc afssay n yan ulavmu s usmrs n ilugnn lli yad ivra. Inlmadn da zzruyn xf tzgal nnsn s tawsa n uslmad ig asn annal afad ad ssnn maËËa.

Di maËËa ivawasn, nttafa I ku tagzzumt yat tmsirt n usfti s wakud n 30 n tusdidin bla akud nnsn g imalass (imalassn) n ustal d wannal. sg uswir amzwaru, ar aswir wis ãäiã, nv agnsu n yan uswir, illa disn maËËa yan uzzugz g tikki n tmsirin. Illa uzzigz awd g uylli illan xf unlmad ad t ittgga afad ad iãku ilmmudn nns. tilal yaänin ar ttawsnt talalt n usfti g uvawas. Amm imkinna nenna aflla, g ivawasn I, ssntan sg tmiwant d wantal ar tirra d warantal n tikki n talalt n usfti. Ar nttafa gr yan uswir ar yan aänin, allas n ka n tmsirin afad ad iããËãu unlmad armas nv ikiz n usfti n kra n imyagn. Aya, ar ittili afad anlmad ad irms nv ad yakz nv ad yisin atig n yan wanaw n usfti (usmid, anaä nv warusmid…). Afad ad yisin aÇlay n ku anaw n usfti di tmazivt, ididakin ur bÏÏin gr twila n umyag akd umggay nns (assav nvdd amqqim). Ar akkan amur amqqran I tussna n imqqimn uslivn n umyag acku illa umzaray gr immakn injËumn (win tidt, win wanaä d win umavun). S unamk yaänin, anlmad ad yakz amyag d unamk nns, ukan yisin azday gr twila n umyag di ku anaw n usfti akd watig nns imÇËi d watig nns di tsnayt agnsu n twinst. Tawinst lli yakkan ididakin tsul tqqama d tawinst tanafrart d imyagn gan inafrarn. S wawal yaänin, ur ta yudif unlmad ad ilmd asfti n umyag g twila tatwavt d tmwavt d tnwavt di usslmd amnzu.

Atig n twila tanaät, nvdd asfti n umyag g wanaä, illa dars uwttas nns di usfti amyagan. Sg uya, ssntan tawila ad sg uswir amzwaru ar aswir wis kËaä niv wis kkuÇ. Mac, idrus imikk. Tawila ad ayd yaksuln d twila n uÇvË n usfti n ku amyag^[10]. Nssn mas d tawila n wanaä ur vars amukris, acku ur bahra da ittili ussnfl zg uÇvË lli g d tffv, mac nannay zi ivawasn s sin, fkan atig bahra g ulmmud I wammak n tidt. Ammak n umavun, ur ittufki ar tigira n usslmd amnzu. Di immakn ad, ittufka bahra watig I usfti n wusmid d warusmid xf wurmir. Asfti n wusmid anabaw ur ittuki ar aswir wis smmus nv aswir wis ãäiã. Asfti n wurmir s ad d wurmir n wallas d wanaä ussid ttufkan amm is gan yan. Ttufkan div dayy s urmas d yisin n watig nnsn bla aÇlay grasn. Asfti ad fkan as ididakin yan unnuËÇm afad ad d skcmn talviwin imzarayn I yan wanaw n usfti s ustay d usmrs nnsn nna iga akÆ imidi. Amm usfti n umyag (frn) di warusmid anafrar nns, izmr ad ig: frn à frrn nvdd ttfran. maËËa talviwin ad gant timaddadin. G ubdar n usfti n warusmid, di sin ivawasn, ur ittufki warusmid anabaw vas g imnaän s wantal g talalt n tvri.

S sin ivawasn ssntan s tikki n imyagn ikuyassn g usfti s untal d s tmiwant s imnaän izdin akd talalt n umsawaä d tvri, ar imyagn mi dar asnfl nv tarnawt n ivritn nvdd targalt nvdd s sin. g usfti n umyag g wusmid (anafrar ula anabaw), stin ididakin imyagn mi dar tasikslt (tamyavt) gr umyag d usfti nnsn g wusmid amm: (kcmà kcm, gnàgn, ssfld à ssfld). Ula, s ussnfl n uvri amzwaru n umyag dayy amm : (azn à uzn, adfà udf,…). Nv s ussnfl nv tarnawt n uvri amggaru zun d : (fruà fra/I, zru à zra/I, sv à sva/I, g(g) à g(g)a/I,…). G usfti n warusmid div, ididakin, nna g smdn ad akkan imyagn ikuyassn g ulmmud s wantal g iswirn imzwura, g iswirn kËaä inafllatn (aswir wis 4 ar wis 6), ssntan s warantal ilugnn n usfti n warusmid I imyagn inafrarn. Ssntan s tikki n mas d warusmid illa xf unlmad ad ismrs tizlviwin amm (da, ar, la). Ttufkan imyagn mi dar asfti nnsn vas s trnawt n (tt-): azn à ttazn, adf à ttadf, ula s trnawt n (tt-) d uvri (a): lmd à ttlmad, smd à ttsmad. Ula div s ulugn n tassast n trgalt amm: gn à ggan, sv à ssav, fsu à fssu, zru à zrru. Di uswir wis smmus g uvawas azayku nvddi uswir wis ãäiã n uvawas amaynu, ittufka ulugn n wusmid anabaw s trnawt n uvri (i) äaËt n trgalt tamggarut n umyag amm: kcm à kcim, g(g)à g(g)i. ilugnn n wurmir ula asfti n wammak n wanaä ula amavun, ttufkan imyagn ifssusn ula imyagn nni di ur illi ussnfl amm: adf (aÇvË) à adf (anaä), ad tadfd (imal).

• Amzaray grasn

Afad ad nfk amzaray gr uvawas amaynu d uvawas azayku, rad nfk asmzazal gr iswirn, gr yan uswir n uvawas amaynu (nssav as sg dvi amaynu) d yan uswir n uvawas azayku (nssav as sg dvi azayku):

Aswir amzwaru:

g uswir ad, ivawasn s sin ssntan s tussna n imqqimn, imqqimn uslivn s wantal d s tmiwant. Nufa g uvawas amaynu issnta s wammak anjËum n wanaä. Mac, di uvawas azayku, issnta s wusmid n yan umyag akuyass g wammak n tidt, amyag g (gg), g imqqimn: ntta d nttat. Nssn azayku is iäfaË 8 n tgzzumin g usgÅas, iwca 7 n tmsirin n usfti. mac amaynu, ika dayy 5 n tmsirin. G wassavn n wanawn n usfti, azayku, ismrs assav n waratig afad ad yini urmir lli ittusmrasn g umaynu. G tsga n tussna n umnaä n umyag d uÇvË nns, amaynu ifka yat tbridt icnan xf uzayku acku anlmad izmr ad yisin azday gr umyag issftan d uÇvË nns lli igan amm twila n wanaä. Amggaru ad zzwarn t xf wanawn n usfti yaänin. D, iwca umaynu I unlmad ad yisin bahra azday gr umyag d umgay d umqqim usliv n umyag issftan. Di umaynu, ifka yan usfti n wanaä, snat tmsirin n usfti n umyag di wusmid (anafrar) d yat tmsirt n warusmid (anafrar). g uzayku, lla nttafa yat tmsirt n wanaä, kkuÇ n tmsirin n wusmid (anafrar) d yat n tmsirt g warusmid (anafrar).

Aswir wis sin:

tawngimt tamzwarut nni d issufv usmzazal gr ivawasn, di uzayku ur tlli tmsirt n usfti g uswuri n tutlayt. Mac, izmr unlmad ad irms s wantal mas d imyagn illa usfti nnsn. Di umaynu, nufa yat n tmsirt n wanaä anabaw, snat tmsirin n wusmid (anafrar) d snat n tmsirin n warurusmid (anafrar). G uzayku, ur tlli awd yat tmsirt mc ur nenni ttufkant g twinas n tvri d tilal yaänin n uswuri n tutlayt. G umaynu, tikki n tmsirin n usfti kant atig I urmas n wanawn n usfti d yikiz nnsn di twinst d ussnti n usfti n kra n imyagn s tmiwant d s usiksl akd imyagn yaänin nv akd imqqimn yaänin I yan umyag.

Aswir wis kËaä:

G umaynu, nufa yat tmsirt n wanaä nni nufa awd g uzayku. Snat n tmsirin n wusmid (anafrar) ayd illan g umaynu. amm uzayku, illa gis awd ntta snat n tmsirin. Div g umaynu llant gis kËaät n tmsirin n warusmid (anafrar) amm uvawas azayku. Irna uzayku amaynu g tikki n tmsirt n usfti g wurmir s (ad) nni yakkan atig n imal.

G uzayku, ssntan ididakin ad isinn inlmadn imqqimn uslivn g wusmid ukan ssntin ad yili usfti s warantal I kra n ilgamn d ad isinn inlmadn azday gr umyag issftan d umggay nnsn agnsu n twinst tanafrart. G warusmid, fkan ad yisin unlmad armas nns s tawsa n imrnutn n wakud amm: ku ass, matta imalass,… ar ittili yan usfti s warantal imikk s imikk, mac s yan nv idsn imyan idrusn. G usfti n yan umyag g wanaä, inlmadn s warantal ssnn imqqimn uslivn n wammak anjËum ad. G uvawas amaynu, ssntan ididakin nns s ussnti n urmas d yikiz n usfti s warantal mac s tmiwant. Ssntan div s usmagi n imqqimn uslivn d uzday gr umyag d umggay nns agnsu n twinst, d usfti n kra n imyagn idrusn d ikuyassn s kra n ilugnn intln. Avawas amaynu n uswir ad, ismd i uswir wis sin s urmas d yikiz n umyag d unnuËÇm s imyagn n tntaliwin yaänin.

Aswir wis kkuÇ:

Yat tmsirt n wanaä (anafrar) ayd illan di uzayku. Irna t umaynu acku llant dis snat n tmsirin nns, yat n wanaä anafrar d yat n tmsirt n wanaä anabaw. Di usfti n wusmid, amaynu llant gis, snat n tmsirin. G uzayku, nufa nn kËaät n tmsirin. llant g uvawas azayku, kËaät n tmsirin n warusmid, mac di uvawas azayku nufa nn snat n tmsirin nns. avawas amaynu, yuwi d yat tbridt tamaynut nni igan asmzazal gr twila d unamk d usnay n wusmid d win warusmid. Amaynu div, g snat tgzzumin timggura nns da yakka snat tmsirin n usfti g wakud n 30 n tusdidin.

Tabridt n tikki n usfti di uvawas amaynu täfaË s imyagn n tntaliwin s wantal d ar d ittffv usfti n umyag sg umnaä nns ar tawila nns dayy. Anlmad ixs ad yakz mas d illa umzaray gr twila n usfti s wayyaä. Amzaray ad ar yakka anamk d watig imÇËi agnsu n twinst. Ma ad igan amaynu g uvawas amaynu, nufa nn mas d tdwl twila (tett: tamunt n wafiks tt– n warusmid d imqqimn mi tzwar t—) zun d (tifawt ar tettlmad tamazivt)^[11] lli ittuyafan g uvawas azayku, tga s wusrid (tifawt ar ttlmad tamazivt)^[12]. ula di uvawas ad, iwca g tgira n idlisn n inlmadn tiflwitin n usfti n imyagn imdyatn. Tiflwitin ad ttufkant awd g iswirn wis smmus ula wis ãäiã n uvawas amaynu.

 imzaray uzayku akd d umaynu g tnqqaä ad. Issnta s yikiz n ilugnn n usfti d usnay n umyag issftan s wantal dat adday irms unlmad. innuËÇm s imyagn mi dar yan ulugn s wantal nv s warantal amm usfti n wusmid n: svà sva, amÇ à umÇ, d amm usfti n warusmid n : azn à ttazn, adf à ttadf, smd à ttsmad, nv smmd, kcm à kccm. Avawas ad issnta s urmas d yikiz n waratig n wallas (urmir n wallas).

Aswir wis smmus:

Di usmzazal gr ivawasn ad nttgga, avawas amaynu ika snat n tmsirin n wanaä, yat n wanaä anafrar d yat n wanaä anabaw. Mac, nufa g uzayku dayy yat n wanaä anafrar. ima timsirin n usfti n wusmid, snat n tmsirin lli g tlla yat tmsirt nns tman akd usslmd n wurmir n wallas (waratig n wallas). Awd v uvawas amaynu, llant gis vir snat n tmsirin n usfti n wusmid anafrar. g avawas amaynu, G tsga n usfti n wusmid, llant snat n tmsirin. G uvawas azayku, ila g uswir ad kkuÇ n tmsirin. isty div uzayku s tilit n tmsirt n waratig (nv urmir) s ‘ad’ nni yakkan imal d s waratig (urmir) n wallas.

waxxa suln idsn wanawn n usfti da asn sskarn bahra armas d yikiz, Avawas amaynu ula azayku udfn vr ilugnn s warantal zun d:

• G uvawas azayku:

iwca asfti n imyagn mi izwar uvri (adf, awy, als…) lli mi ittgga warusmid nns s trnawt n ufiks (tt-) dayy I umyag: awy à ttawy. Iwca imyagn nni di illa usiksl gr uÇvË d usfti nnsn g wusmid d wanaä d wurmir. Ika atig amqqran awd I imyagn mi dar 3 iskkiln acku darsn yan uÇlay istin d ifssusn g wusmid d warusmid d wurmir. Ad ur nttu mas d avawas ad iwca asfti n wusmid n imyagn n tvara (n waddad), acku Ira ad isslmd I inlmadn mas d illa umzaray gr sin wanawn n imyagn).

• G uvawas amaynu:

Issnta uvawas ad s imyagn mi vur 3 trgalin acku illa ulugn nnsn iÇlin g wusmid ula warusmid. Illa usiksl gr uÇvË d usfti n umyag di wusmid ula s tassast n trgalt tiss snat nv tamzwarut g warusmid nv tarnawt n (tt-) d uvri (a) I umyag. Ran ad lmdn inlmadn mas d asfti n umyag ira assnfl n ka n umsli (targalt nvdd avri) n umyag d uslav n imqqimn uslivn. S usmrs n ilugnn I ira ad izmr unlmad ad isfti imyagn yaänin yaksuln d winna iÇËa s ufars. Avawas amaynu, ibdda awd ntta xf imyagn mi dayy itturna ufiks (tt-) g usfti nns g warusmid d uswuri n tzlviwin nni ids ittili zun d (da, la, ar). G tgira n uvawas ad, tkcm d twila tatwavt s asfti mac ibdda uvawas xf tnafuvt nns bahra xf usfti nns.

Aswir wis ãäiã:

G sin ivawasn ad nufa nn bahra anawn n usfti iggudin, amm: usmid anafrar, usmid anabaw, urmir s ad (waratig s ad), warusmid g wammak anjËum n tidt, warusmid s ‘ad’ n imal, anaä ussid (warusmid g wanaä), ammak anjËum n umavun. Nannay mas d avawas amaynu ayd d yuwin akÆ bahra anawn ad xf uvawas azayku, amm umavun, usmid anabaw, anaä ussid (warusmid n wanaä). Izmr ad nini g uvawas amaynu mas d llan akÆ kËaä immakn injËumn xf uvawas azayku nni iwcan dayy yan wammak anjËum. Avawas azayku isty dayy s tikki n warusmid s ‘ad’ (warusmid g yimal).

Ivawasn s sin nnuËÇmn s ilugnn n twila n usfti nni ittilin Sg uÇvË (nv tawila n wanaä di kyyin d kmmin), ar asfti n umyag. Ad nÇË aÇlay n ku avawas:

• Avawas azayku:

Ittufka wAllas n imyagn mi var kËaä trgalin, mac s imyagn yaänin afad ad tili yat tdusi n ilugnn n usfti n imyagn ad di wusmid ula warusmid. Ttufkan imyagn mi vur avri izwar amm: (adf, arm, asy, aws…). Imyagn ad ar ssnfaln avri ad amzwaru s [u— g wusmid (anafrar ula anabaw): (awsà uws), ula ar ttirin yat trnawt n ufiks
(tt-) di warusmid: (awä à ttawä…). Ttukan div imyagn mi igÅra uvri —a] amm: (fru, gnu…). imyagn ddv ar sskarn assnfl n uvri amggaru s —a/i] g wusmid anafrar, zun d: (gnuà gna nv gni/ nccin gniv, ntta igna). Ittufka div ulugn n imyagn mi vur sin iskkil s tassast n umzwaru d trnawt n uvri (a) g warusmid amm: gn à ggan, ml à mmal…).

• Avawas amaynu:

Issnta s tikki n imyagn n tvara afad ad isslmd mas d illa umzaray gr imyagn amm uvawas azayku n uswir wis smmus. ittuyassan div uvawas ad s tikki n wallas n ilugnn d amm imyagn nni yad lmdn inlmadn g iswirn izrin. Amm uvawas azayku, ifka umaynu ilugnn n usfti n imyagn mi igÅra uvri g wusmid anafrar amm (fru, älu…). Inlmadn rad lmdn mas d g wusmid anafrar nnsn ar ttirin assnfl n uvri s —a/I]: nkkin friv, ntta ifra…). Yuls div I walugn n imyagn mi vur tassast n trgalt d trnawt n ufikks (tt-) g warusmid afad ad yili yat tzmrt n usfti var inlmadn. Nannay div mas d di uvawas ad, ikks tuskiwt (tett) nna ittilin di usfti n warusmid. Ar tt ttaran g udlis n unlmad s tt g udvar n tett: (nttat, ar tettazn inlmadn vr tdala n tmazivt).

S uzgzl, di usmzazal ad, illa ma g aksuln ivawasn s sin, ilin ma g mzarayn. Illa ma ad icnan g uvawas amaynu ula azayku, yan ar as ittsmad wayyaä. Aslmad d unlmad ad smrsn tayafut ad g usslmd d ulmmud n usfti n tutlayt tamazivt g usslmd amnzu. Adday ggudint tyafutin d tzrawin xf usfti ad ira ad yili yan usvudu g usslmd d ulmmud.

4. Afad ad yili usvudu n usslmd n usfti amyagan

G uzgn ddv, sg ma ad nÇËa dg usmzazal gr ivawasn, izmr ad nfk kra n tannayin nnv. vint Tannayin ddv ad awsnt ididakin, islmadn, inlmadn nvdd imrzutn nni ira ad irzun, d willi iran ad ilmd nvdd ad isslmd asfti n tutlayt tamazivt g usslmd amnzu. Ad nsgzl tannayin ad s imki:

• Ad yili yan usmsasa bahra n gr imsnilsn d ididaktin nni ivin ad ismatti tumayt d tyafut n tsnilst vr usslmd n usfti g usslmd amnzu. Ad ur nttu g usmsasa n tutlayt ad yili bahra yan uzday imidi gr irzzutn idyaliktulujiyn d win tdidaktikit afad ad yili yan umurs g usslmd n usfti s tutlayt tanamurt.
• Ad yili yan usfru bahra n tbridt lli s ixssa ad iäfuË uslmad/ täfuË tslmadt sg uswir amzwaru ar aswir wis ãäiã acku tabridt nni ittukan tga tamatut. Tabridt ad ar iss iswuri uslmad/ tswuri iss tslmadt g iswirn akÆ ;
• Ad ssntin ididaktin bahra s imyagn ikuyassn, ssntin imyagn s wanawn n usfti (imyagn mi illa uvri, imyagn mi llan sin ivritn, imyagn issntan s trgalt tassast…) s wantal d s warantal;
• Ad yili yan ussnti bahra n twila n wanaä (tawila n kyyin d kmmin (cmmin) (nv urmir)) acku nttat ayd yaksuln d twila n uÇvË nni g d ttdda twila n usfti. S dat, ad yili usfti n wusmid d warusmid;
• Ad ittuka wakud n 45 n tusdidin I usfti amyagan I ku tgzzumt g udvar n 30 n tusdidin;
• Illa xf islmadn ad rzzun bahra g tsnalsit n usfti amyagan d illa xf uvawas ad issfru mav allig tlla tmsirt n yan usfti. d ma ad igan awttas nns n ku tamsirt g ku aswir. Da nttafa idlisn fkan vas tiwinas d usfti n imyabn. Sg uya, illa yan usttiv axatar gr islmadn d ididaktin. Anlmad ur inni ad ilmd s umurs;
• Ad ittufka watig I usspsu n imyagn iäfaËn yan walugn d usmrs n imyagn ad iran ad ittusftan di iäËiãn n tvri niv amsawaä. Asspsu ddv ad yili s usmrs n imyagn s wallas dayy. Allas ddv ivy ad t yakz unlmad sg talalt s tayyaä;
• Ad yili ukttuy n ilugnn s tgira n usgÅas amm ad ttufkan g yat tmsirt n 45 n tusdidin bla tin ustal d wannal n ku tagzzumt;

S usmrs n tannayin ddv d unnuËÇm xf isqsitn yaänin, vint ad svudunt asslmd n usfti n umyag s umurs, slawan akÆ g usbuvlu n tumayt, n tbridin ula isggurn (ad ilin idlisn inmlann n usfti).

5. targalt

asmzazal gr sin ivawasn, avawas azayku d uvawas amaynu, g usslmd n usfti amyagan yuwi d tiyaftin icnan. Asmzazal ad yucka d sg isqsitn ittinign is illa yan tipli g uvawas n tutlayt tamazivt ig nssnta sg uvawas azayku ar avawas amaynu n dvikk. Nufa nn mas d ku yan s tbvrurin nnsn. Nffv s yat tyafut mas d kud ttilin ivawasn, ttili tyafut iggudin. Nuca g usmad n urzzu nnv, idsn isvlaf afad ad ng asslmd n usfti amyagan s tbridt imursn.